The Personal God

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God is, but what is God like? The question is not merely academic, because if what we think about God is basically wrong, we may be worshipping a false God, an idol.  And what we worship shapes us. We tend to take on something of the character of what we worship - money, pleasure, success, God, or anything else. So if we will worship God, we must think of him as he is. Otherwise the false image we worship will distort our motives and twist our personalities.

So what is God like? What are his main qualities (which are sometimes called his attributes)? Many of God's characteristics are shared in some degree with human beings. This makes it possible for us to understand what he is like. But the qualities God shares with us are not exactly like ours, for our words are not adequate to express his perfection. God wills, and we will; God loves and we love: God hates, and we hate. But God's wilI, God's love, and God's hate are not exactly like ours. In each case, we must try to detect how God's qualities are like ours, and how they differ.

In addition, God has attributes quite unlike anything else in the universe. They are far harder for us to understand, even when they are described for us. But there are ways of picturing them and glimpsing them, and they are an essential part of what makes God who he is.

QUALITIES GOD SHARES WITH PEOPLE

God is personal. This means he is aware of his own existence, that he reasons, makes free decisions. He is an intelligent moral being, not merely an abstract idea, a 'thing' which somehow exercises fatalistic control over the universe, like a giant robot in a factory. He acts and speaks because he consciously chooses to act and speak, deciding what he will do and what he will say.

All moral virtues belong to God. Jesus has shown us that God is good, loving, forgiving, merciful. gracious, holy, truthful, righteous: that he is a peacemaker, helper, a compassionate provider: that he plans things according to his own perfect will. Because he is perfectly righteous, he is also angry at both sinners and their sin, for light cannot stand darkness, and is jealous of those pledged to be his but who yet turn away and choose some lesser allegiance. All these qualities belong in some measure to people as well. We, too, can be merciful. truthful, compassionate, angry, jealous.  We use our wills and choose our course.

God's perfection

What makes these characteristics different in God from in us? It is that in God they are perfect and unqualified, quite untarnished by sin. God is perfectly good. Everything he is and everything he does and says is good: he cannot be other than good. God is loving, so much so that the Bible dares say God is love. His love, unlike ours, never fails. His forgiveness is far more remarkable than ours. When we forgive we remember that we too, have sinned: but when God forgives, it is despite the fact he is always the wounded party, and has never sinned.

The Bible tells us that God feels wrath against all sin and all sinners (we are all by nature 'children of wrath'). But, unlike most of our anger, this is not the result of personal pique. It is a necessary part of his justice. He cannot but be angry with sin and with sinners. If he were indifferent he would be denying his own holiness. This does not mean God's anger is impersonal, merely a symbolic picture of his justice. It is personal enough, but without being spiteful. arbitrary, or uncontrolled. His jealousy is justified precisely because he is God, who rightly lays claim to our devotion. Our jealousy, by contrast, is too often (though not always) the result of our desire to hang on to something over which we ought not to make such absolute claims.

More important yet, most of us find we can be loving or angry, forgiving or jealous, compassionate or holy, but not both a t once. God is under no such limitations. He cannot be other than both compassionate and holy. In what he feels towards a sinful human being, God will invariably be both loving and angry. But to understand better how this can be so, we must think about some other of God's qualities.

QUALITIES UNIQUE TO GOD

There are some things which can be said of God alone. God alone is self-existing. This means that whereas everything and everyone else depends on him for existence, he is absolutely independent of them. He has life in himself, and he is the source of the life of the universe; but he himself has no source. He alone is utterly self-sufficient. He needs nothing the universe offers him.

It follows that God does not change. His life does not change, his character does not change, his ways do not change, his purposes do not change: even his Son does not change. For this reason, God is supremely reliable and trustworthy.

It is most important to understand God's changelessness correctly. It does not mean he is passionless, that he cannot feel a variety of emotions. The Bible shows us a God who feels very deeply. Nor does it mean that his dealings with a particular person or nation may not change in their experience. Rather, it means God's dealings with us will always be based on the same things - on what God is like.

The unlimited God

Both the glory of God, and the difficulties we have in grappling with what he has revealed of himself, stem from the fact that he transcends the limits we experience. God is essentially unlimited. By contrast, we human beings are limited in time (we are born, live and die at a certain time in history): place (if I am in London I am not simultaneously in Montreal or Karachi); power (there are many things I am incapable of doing): knowledge (enough said!). But God is infinite in all these respects.

• He is unlimited in time. His realm is eternity. Our very notion of time is bound up with the movement of the stars and planets which he created. We cannot easily think of days or years or any sequence, apart from presuppositions about the movement of planet earth, rotating on its axis and circling the sun. But God is not bound by this system. He made it, and so he is above it.

The problem is that we can scarcely understand what it means to be above time. It certainly does not mean that God is merely static: the God of the Bible stands in active relationship with the universe he created. We are creatures in time, and so if God is to reveal himself to us, it must be in terms of history, of sequence, of 'before' and 'after'. Before Paul was converted, in the days of Pontius Pilate , Jesus died and rose again, the perfect manifestation of God within time , at a specific place in history.

The thought is staggering: the eternal God, the timeless God, has chosen to reveal himself to us in time, because that is the only habitat we understand. And if we find it difficult to understand what it means to say God stands above time, how much more difficult is it for us to understand how this eternal God can reveal himself to us in time. There is nothing intrinsically illogical about the idea; but there is much we do not comprehend about it.

• God is unlimited in place. He is everywhere: as the theologians say, he is 'omnipresent'. It is impossible to hide from him or to escape from him. He is in everything. But it does not follow that he cannot sometimes appear to people in a localized way. In the Old Testament, God meets with his people personally and at a particular place - in a bright cloud of glory, at the tent in the wilderness, at the temple. When he withdraws from them in wrath, he makes it impossible for them to meet him or experience him; but in one sense even then they cannot escape his presence.

In the New Testament, God meets his people in the most humanly personal way possible - in his Son Jesus. When Jesus is in Galilee, he is not in Jerusalem or Jericho; he is spatially restricted. But God himself is not thereby restricted to anyone location, for Jesus continues to pray to him as his 'Father in heaven'.

In other words, just as God is timeless, but meets us in history, so is he omnipresent, but meets us in his Son Jesus. And Jesus lived in a real place, Palestine, and met people in separate encounters on known roads, in boats, in houses. Today, too, he meets with us by his Holy Spirit where we are.

• God is unlimited in power. He can do anything: he is ·omnipotent'. But this fact, frequently stressed in the Bible, is often applied wrongly. College lecturers have been known to ask puzzled philosophy undergraduates, 'Is God so powerful that he can make a stone too heavy for him to lift ?' - knowing that a 'yes' answer means God cannot lift the stone, and a 'no ' answer means God cannot make the stone. Either way there is something he cannot do. In fact, this old chestnut is a trick question: it is asking God to do some thing self contradictory, which no one, not even God, can do.

In the same way. God cannot do anything that would violate his own character, or break one of his promises. When Christians say that God is omnipotent, they simply mean that there is no limit to his power, no intrinsic weakness or inability. He can do anything he pleases; but what he pleases will always he in perfect harmony with his character, with all that makes him God.

• God is unlimited in knowledge: he is 'omniscient'. There is nothing that God does not know. This includes not only all brute facts, but also all opinions and thought. He knows the future as well as the past and present - perhaps because he stands above time as we know it, and is not bound by the past-present- future structure which dominates our lives.

Quite clearly, some attributes of God, such as his eternity, are very difficult to understand in their own right. They become that much more difficult when we recognize that this God graciously stoops to meet us where we are - bound by time, place and limitations of power and knowledge. It is hard enough to think deeply about God's timelessness. But it is even more difficult to think about how this timeless God could meet us in history and respond to us in the interplay of real personal relationships.

It is hard enough to understand God's unlimited power, his absolute sovereignty. But it is more difficult to understand how this utterly sovereign God, who does whatever he wants, can have meaningful relationships with us, his creatures, without either reducing us to robots or else sacrificing his own sovereignty.

Yet these very difficulties to our understanding can also prove a help. If we can get them sorted out, they help to explain some of the earlier questions we faced. We said that God is both loving toward sinners and angry with them. We find it hard to imagine how that can be.

The closest analogy might be a good mother or father who both loves and is angry with a disobedient child. But perhaps it is easier to think of God being full of love and wrath 'at the same time' if we remember that he is above time. The mystery of God's eternal, timeless being may well help shed light on some other mysteries.

How should we respond?

Our problem with qua1ities that belong to God alone is that our human experience of what 'persons' and 'personal relationships' are like takes place entirely within the limits of time, space, knowledge and power. But in God we are dealing with a person who is beyond all such limitations. Understandably, we do not know exactly how to resolve these matters. We do not have enough information. But there are several useful things Christians can do when they try to think clearly about God's character.

• We need to admit ignorance. We can only know what God discloses of himself. To claim we know more about God than he has revealed is a mark not of knowledge but of arrogance. Indeed, if we knew all there was to know about God, we would have to pass through the very barriers which make us creatures. In short, we would have to be God.

• We must also worship. Far from being an excuse for lazy thinking, worship is the only adequate response to the God who made us and who, despite our persistent rebellion and indifference, still delights to make himself known. Such a God will move us to profound adoration, to thinking about God on the large scale and about people on the small scale precisely the opposite pattern to the predominant attitude in our secular world.

• It is important to get the problems in perspective. We may not fully grasp the details of how God, above time, reveals himself and interacts with people within time. But, as many scholars have pointed out, there is nothing fundamentally illogical about the idea.

• Above all, we need to examine how God's qualities work out in practice in the Bible. This will save us from using our knowledge of them wrongly. Take God's unlimited power. The biblical writers never deduce from this that we are all robots, or that it does not matter what we do because God will have his way in the end. Instead, the Bible uses God's omnipotence to encourage his people and warn his enemies.

Dare a man fight an omnipotent God? Even if such a God is longsuffering, must he not triumph in the end? Cannot God's people invest great confidence in him precisely because nothing Can take place apart from his permission? Even a sparrow cannot drop to the ground without God's permission, so his people need not be prey to anxiety. They can trust their heavenly Father.

Or consider God's limitless pre~ e nce , The bihlical writers never use this idea as if it meant that, because God is everywhere and in everything, an orchid or a daisy is part of God, They recognize that God is also above the universe he has created, and not to be confused with it. The fact that God is everywhere serves as a warning to those who want to escape from him, and as a great comfort and encouragement to those who love him and want to do his will. When Jesus says that he will be with his disciples to the end of the age, he is giving a promise to he savoured and enjoyed, a spur to mission, obedience and worship.

We need to be clear, too, what God's limitless knowledge means in practice. The fact that God knows all things, even the end from the beginning, does not appear in the Bible as some abstruse theory, or to make him into some sort of clairvoyant. But it does have the great value of assuring God's people he is never taken by surprise, he knows what he is doing, he understands our needs and longings, He even knows 'insignificant' details, such as when we sit down and when we stand up. With such knowledge, he cannot be tricked or deceived, and his justice will be absolutely fa ir and impartial.

There are two things that come out very clearly from the Bible's account of God's character. First. his qualities are never described in a way which throws one attribute into conflict with another. In other words, it is wrong to lay such absolute stress on one of God's revealed qualities that others, equally revealed, are neglected.

For instance, it is possible to think so much about God's limitless power that his more personal characteristics - his love, his wrath, his give-and-take with his creatures - fade from view, Equally, some people dwell so much on God as a person that they effectively put aside his omnipotence, Others stress his love, and so conclude that his wrath must be impersonal; or else they decide, aga inst the Bible 's teaching, that p.veryone will ultimately surrender to such magnificent love,

These are dangerous ways of thinking about God, They distort the only evidence we have by suppressing the bits we may not like. And sooner or later we find ourselves worshipping a false god. We must frankly confess that, although we can know God as he is, we cannot, without being God, know all there is to know about him, This mp.ans WP. mllst ti1kp. pains to kno\\' him ilS he has rp.vea led himsdf. It is fatal to sper.ulate ;!bout God in such a way that our picture of him is different from the character he has made known.

Second, we need to ask why God has revealed his character to us. It is not to titillate our curiosity but to evoke repentance, faith and worship. Certainly we need to think deeply about God.-But God has made himself known to us not primarily to satisfy our intelligence. but to meet our many needs>The Bible shows liS each of God's qualities first and foremost in the context of the human need that ca lled it forth,

God reveals his compassion to people who are lost, his grace to the guilty, his love to the unloving, his eternity to those too preoccupied with what is passing, his wrath to the rebellious, ,(God is greater than the sum of the qualities he has revealp.d. If